Chapter 4: Carbon and its Compounds
Versatility of Carbon and Bonding
Carbon’s unique ability to form stable covalent bonds—single, double, and even triple—allows it to bond with itself and other elements in countless ways. This leads to the formation of large molecules with chains, rings, and branching structures; a phenomenon known as catenation. As a result, carbon compounds exhibit a wide variety of physical and chemical properties. Nomenclature (learning how to name compounds that contain carbon (like alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, etc.) based on the IUPAC rules.) of Carbon Compounds will be discussed.
Hydrocarbons and Derivatives
Two primary classes of hydrocarbons are discussed: alkanes (single bonds only) and alkenes (containing at least one double bond). Alkanes are relatively less reactive, whereas alkenes undergo distinctive reactions such as addition. Functional groups—specific groups of atoms within molecules—impart unique characteristics to compounds. Examples include alcohols (-OH), carboxylic acids (-COOH), and esters, each having distinct properties and uses.
Importance, Uses, and Soaps & Detergents
Carbon compounds play vital roles in daily life: fuels, plastics, medicines, and more. Simple reactions used to produce alcohol from alkenes and to neutralize acids to make salts are highlighted. Soaps, made from fats and oils through saponification, clean by forming micelles around grease. Detergents, similar in action, are effective even in hard water, making them valuable for washing in varied conditions.